SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
Q. Describe the types of movement on the basis of movements.
On
the basis of stimuli, there are two types of movements.
·
Autonomic OR spontaneous movement
·
Paratonic OR induced movement
AUTONOMIC MOVEMENT
This
movement occurs due to internal stimuli i.e. cramps (due to involuntarily
release of Ca+2 ions)
PARATONIC MOVEMENT
It
is due to external stimuli such as reflex action.
Q. Describe the types of movement on the basis of response.
TYPES OF MOVEMENTS ON
THE BASIS OF RESPONSES
There
are three types of movement on the basis of response
1.
Locomotory movement OR Taxis OR Tactic Movement
2.
Trophic movement
3.
Nastic movement
LOCOMOTORY MOVEMENT OR
TAXIS OR TACTIC MOVEMENT
Movement
of an organism from one place to another due to stimulus is called locomotory
movement.
It
usually occurs in bacteria, protozoa and some animals.
TROPHIC MOVEMENT
In
this type of movement, organisms move their body parts towards or away to the
stimulus.
It
usually occurs in fungi, plants or bacterial colony.
NASTIC MOVEMENT
Movement
that occurs due to change in osmotic water is called nastic movement.
It
occurs in some plants like Touch me not plant
Q. Define skeleton and its types. Also write functions of skeleton.
SKELETON AND ITS TYPES
Skeleton
is the frame work which gives shape or structure to the body.
The
three main functions of skeleton are:
·
Provide shape to organs
·
Provide support to organs during movement
·
Provide protection to soft, vital organs.
TYPES OF SKELOTON
There
are three types of skeleton.
·
Exoskeleton
·
Endoskeleton
·
Hydrostatic skeleton
EXOSKELTON
Skelton
which is found outside the body is called exoskeleton. It provides support and
structure to the body. It is mostly found in arthropods, mollusks and higher
animals.
Exoskeleton
is non-living in nature. In arthropods, it is made up of chitin, in Molluscs,
it is made up of CaCO3 and in animals it is made up of proteins.
ENDOSKELTON
Skelton
which is found inside the body is called exoskeleton. It provides support and
structure to the body. It is found higher animals.
It
is living in nature. It consists of bones and cartilages.
HYSROSTATIC SKELETON
Hydrostatic
skeleton is found in the soft bodied animals. It is made up of fluid and helps
in locomotion.
Q. What is human skeleton is made up of?
HUMAN SKELETON
Human
skeleton is made up of:
·
Bones
·
Cartilages
Q. Differentiate between bones and cartilages.
|
BONES |
CARTILAGES |
|
Bones
are hard. |
Cartilages
are soft. |
|
It
is made up of ostecocytes. |
It
is made up of chondrocytes. |
|
Calcification
takes place. |
Calcification
does not take place. |
|
It
supports the organs. |
It
covers the ends of bones. |
|
Blood
vessels can penetrate. |
Blood
vessels cannot penetrate. |
Q. What is remodeling?
REMODELING
5%
-10% of human bones dissolve away naturally and are replaced by new one, this
process is called remodeling.
The
remodeling system allows a skeleton to alter the shape and size of skeleton in
response to demands.
Q. Describe types of cells on the basis of
association with bones.
There
are three types of cells associated with bones which are:
·
Bone forming cells [Osteoblast]
·
Mature bone cells [Osteocytes]
·
Bone dissolving cells [Osteoclast]
Q. Describe the process of bone healing.
Mechanism of bone
healing
The
mechanism of bone healing consists of following stages.
STAGE 1
Formation
of large clot takes place at the site of injury. Meanwhile, phagocytic cells
and osteoclast cells ingest and dissolved the cellular debris and bone
fragments.
STAGE 2
Fracture
ruptures the thin layer of connective tissues (periosteum) and stimulates the
production and release of osteoblasts.
Osteobloast
secrete callus, which replace the original blood clot and holds the bones
altogether to initiate the remodeling.
STAGE 3
Osteoblast,
osteoclast and capillaries invade the callus.
Blood
nourishes the callus, osteoclast breaks the cartilage and Osteoblast replaces
it with bone.
STAGE 4
Healing
of bones gets completed
Q. Briefly describe the human skeleton. OR
Write a brief note on Human skeleton.
HUMAN SKELETON
Human
skeleton is divided into two groups which are:
·
Axial skeleton
·
Appendicular skeleton
AXIAL SKELETON
It
includes:
·
22 skull bones (Head)
·
26 vertebrae (Vertebral columns)
·
12 ribs pair and 1 sternum bone (Rib cage)
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
It
forms:
·
Appendages (Limbs)
·
Pectoral girdle (Shoulder)
·
Pelvic girdle (Hip)
PECTORAL
GIRDLE
It
consists of:
·
Two bones (Scapula
and clavicle)
·
Forelimbs
o
Humerus (01)
o
Radius (01)
o
Ulna (01)
o
Carpals (08)
o
Metacarpals(05)
o
Phalanges (14)
PELVIC
GIRLDE
It
consists of three bones:
·
Ileum, ischium and pubis.
·
Hind limb
o
Femur (01)
o
Patella (01)
o
Tibia (01)
o
Fibula (01)
o
Tarsal (07)
o
Metatarsals(05)
o
Phalanges (14)
Q. Define Joints. Also define its types.
JOINT
The
junction of two bones is called joint.
Mainly,
there are two types of joints.
·
Immoveable joints
·
Moveable joints
IMMOVEABLE JOINTS
Joints
that cannot move are called immoveable joints.
For
instance;
·
8
bones of skull
·
3
bones of pelvic girdle
MOVEABLE JOINTS
Joints
that can move are called moveable joints. For instance; hinge joint, sliding
joint.
Moveable
joints are further categorized into two types:
·
Freely moveable joints
·
Partially moveable joints
FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS
Such
joints are freely moveable. They are further categorized into:
· Hinge joint [Elbow, knee, phalanges]
They can move in one plane only
·
Pivot joint [Elbow joint]
·
Sliding joint [Wrist
joint]
· Ball and socket [Shoulder and hip joint]
They can move in
all directions
·
Gliding joint [vertebrae]
PARTIALLY MOVEABLE JOINT
Joints
that can move partially are called partially moveable joints. For instance;
sternum and ribs.
Q. What do you know about ligaments and tendons?
LIGAMENTS
The
connective tissues which are responsible to join bones together are called
ligaments.
These
strong connective tissues protect the bones from tearing, bending, twisting
etc.
TENDONS
The
connective tissues which are responsible to join bones to the skeletal muscles
are called tendons.
Q. Define muscles and its types.
MUSCLES
Muscles
are the connective tissues which consist of fibrous cells. These tissues have
high tendency to contract and relax.
There
are three types of muscles:
·
Skeletal muscles
·
Smooth muscles
·
Cardiac muscles
SKELETAL MUSCLES
The
muscles which are attached to the skeleton called skeletal muscles.
The
characteristic features of skeletal muscles are:
·
They are associated with the movement of bones.
·
These muscles are voluntary in nature.
·
They are also called striped or stride muscles.
SMOOTH MUSCLES
The
muscles which are attached to the vital organs og the body are called smooth
muscles.
The
characteristic features of skeletal muscles are:
·
They are made up of long and spindle shaped
cells, each cell contain single nucleus.
·
They have no striations or stripes.
·
They are involuntary in nature.
·
These muscles are found in blood vessels,
digestive tract and many other internal organs.
CARDIAC MUSLCES
The
muscles which build the walls of heart are called cardiac muscles.
The
characteristic features of cardiac muscles are:
·
They are striated muscles.
·
They are involuntary in nature, work under the
control of SAN (Sino auricular node).
Q. What is antagonism? Give any one example.
ANTAGONISM
The
working of two muscles against each other called antagonism.
For
instance; the action of biceps and triceps muscles of human arm.
Q. What is mean by flexion and extension?
FLEXION
When
the biceps muscle contracts it pulls upon the radius bone of lower arm, which
bend the arm at elbow, this bending process is called flexion.
EXTENSION
When
triceps muscle contracts it pull on the ulna which straightens or extends the
arm. The straighten process is called extension.
Q. What is calcification?
CALCIFICATION
The
deposition of Calcium and phosphate for the hardening of bones is called
calcification.
Q. Describe the different disorders of skeletal
system.
DISORDERS OF SKELETAL
SYSTEM
HYPOCALCEMIA
The
deficiency of Ca+2 ions in bones is refer as hypocalcemia.
It
can lead to dental weakness, osteoporosis and rickets (in children).
OSTEOPOROSIS
It
is an aging process in which bones becomes spongy or porous which can be
fractured due to slight injuries.
It
is more common in female as compared to male.
RICKETS
The
softening and weakening of bones in children is called Rickets.
CAUSE
Long
and extreme Vit D deficiency
ARTHRITIS
This
condition is characterized as swelling and tenderness of joint.
CAUSES
·
Injury
·
Abnormal metabolism
·
Infection
·
Auto immune system
·
Genetic make up
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
·
Joint pain
·
Tenderness and stiffness
·
inflammation in and around the joint
·
Restricted movement of joint
·
Warm red skin over the affected joint
Q. Describe different types of arthritis.
TYPES
OF ARTHRITIS
|
Osteoarthritis |
Aging,
over use of joints, joint injury, obesity |
|
Rheumatoid
arthritis |
Auto
immune disorder |
|
Psoriatic
arthritis |
It
affects joints and skin |
Q. What is the role of obesity in arthritis?
ROLE OF OBESITY IN
ARTHRITIS
Obesity
puts stress on joints, especially on knee, causing pain and develops worse
condition in arthritis damage.
