BIODIVERSITY
Q. Define Biodiversity. Also describe the importance of Biodiversity.
BIODIVERSITY
“The biodiversity or biological diversity is the degree of variation
within or among the species exist on different regions of the earth”. It is
comprised of different organisms such as bacteria, protozoans, algae, fungi,
animals and plants.
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
1. Biodiversity
provides many beneficial products which includes fiber, oil, dyes, rubber,
water, timber, paper and food.
2. It stabilizes
the ecosystem by recycling the nutrients, reduces the amount of pollution by
means of forest.
3. Biodiversity
plays an important role in drug discovery and medicinal resources.
4. It also beautifies the nature with lots of tress and animals found in different regions which enhances the tourism.
Q. Describe the need of classification.
NEED OF CLASSIFICATION
According to modern sciences, world includes different kinds of
organisms which are different is structure, function, size, shape, mode of nutrition,
mode of reproduction. A concept was developed by means of classification so
Carlos Linneus had a great step to modify the study system.
Therefore, two kingdoms were being developed i.e. Kingdom Animalia and
Kingdom Plantae, on the basis of presence or absence of cell wall, chlorophyll.
System was introduced and organisms were placed on the basis of some
unit which are describing below.
SPECIES
Those organisms which are reproductively isolated from other organisms are termed as species.
GENUS
Species having similar characteristics are grouped together into Genus.
FAMILY
Genus having similar characteristics is grouped together into Family.
ORDER
Family having similar characteristics is grouped together into Order.
CLASS
Order having similar characteristics is grouped together into Class.
PHYLUM OR DIVISION
Class having similar characteristics is grouped together into Phylum OR
Division.
KINGDOM
Phylum having similar characteristics is grouped together into Kingdom
|
Simple
Classification of two Organisms |
||
|
Taxa |
Human |
Pea |
|
Kingdom |
Animalia |
Plantae |
|
Phylum |
Chordate |
Magnoliophyta |
|
Class |
Mammalia |
Magnoliopside |
|
Order |
Primates |
Fabales |
|
Family |
Moninidae |
Fabaceae |
|
Genus |
Homo |
Pisum |
|
Specie |
Sapiens |
Sativum |
|
Scientific name |
Homo sapiens |
Pisum sativum |
Q. Describe Two kingdom classification.
TWO KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
Previously the organisms were classified into two groups; all the organisms possess cell wall were placed in plant kingdom and all the organisms do not possess cell wall were placed in animal kingdom.
PLANT KINGDOM
It includes plants, bacteria, algae, fungi, bryophytes, pteridophyte,
angiosperms and gymnosperms.
The features of this kingdom are as follows:
·
No locomotion takes
place
·
They respond slow to
external stimuli
·
They do not eat (early
believe)
·
Conductile and
contractile systems are absent.
·
Cell wall is
present.
ANIMAL KINGDOM
It
includes all the vertebrates and invertebrates.
The
features of this kingdom are as follows:
·
Locomotion takes
place
·
They respond fast to
external stimuli
·
They depend on other
organisms for food.
·
Conductile and
contractile systems are present.
·
Cell wall is absent.
Q. Describe
Three kingdom classification.
THREE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
Ernst Hackle in 1866, introduced a new Kingdom named as Protista to accommodate
the organisms exhibiting characters either common to both plants and animals,
or unique to their own such as Euglena, Bacteria were also placed under this
kingdom.
In
1930, two distinct patterns among single celled organisms were introduced:
LOWER PROTISTS
It
includes prokaryotic unicellular (bacteria and Cyanobacteria)
HIGHER PROTISTS
It
includes eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular organisms such as fungi, algae
except blue green algae.
Q. Describe Four kingdom classification.
FOUR KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION:
Copeland (1959) proposed four kingdom system to classify the living
beings. He designed a new kingdom named as Monera to place all the lower
protists which include prokaryotic unicellular organisms and remaining single
celled eukaryotic organisms were included in Protista.
|
Kingdom Monera |
Kingdom Protista |
Kingdom Metaphyta |
Kingdom Metazoan |
|
Lower protists (prokaryotic
protists) |
Higher protists (eukaryotic
protists) |
Plants (eukaryotic) |
Animals (Eukaryotic) |
|
Bacteria and blue
green algae |
Algae and fungi |
Bryophytes,
pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms |
Invertebrates and
vertebrates |
Q. Describe Five kingdom classification.
FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
As mentioned earlier, two kingdoms were being designed but as soon as
the time passes and number of species discovered another scientist Robert H.
Whittaker proposed another Kingdom Classification, which details are as under
KINGDOM MONERA
This kingdom includes all the prokaryotes having different modes of
nutrition.
KINGDOM PROTISTA
It includes all the unicellular, eukaryotes having different modes of
nutrition.
KINGDOM FUNGI
It includes all the Multicellular, eukaryotes having heteromorphic mode
of absorption.
KINGDOM PLANTAE
It includes all the Multicellular, eukaryotes which have photosynthetic
mode of nutrition.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
It includes all the Multicellular, eukaryotes having heterotrophic mode
of nutrition (Ingestion).
Comparative characteristics
of five kingdom
|
FIVE
KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION |
|||||
|
Characters |
Monera |
Protista |
Fungi |
Plantae |
Animalia |
|
Cell type |
Prokaryotic |
Eukaryotic |
Eukaryotic |
Eukaryotic |
Eukaryotic |
|
Cell wall |
Polysaccharide +
amino acids/ cellulose |
Present in some
species |
Present (without
cellulose) |
Present (with
cellulose) |
Absent |
|
Nuclear membrane |
Absent |
Present |
Present |
Present |
Present |
|
Body organization |
Cellular without
bonded organelles |
Cellular |
Multicellular,
loose tissue |
Tissue, organ |
Tissue, organ,
organ system |
|
Mode of nutrition |
Autotrophic
(chemosynthetic/ photosynthetic), Heterotrophic (parasitic, symbiotic,
saprophytic) |
Autotrophic
(photosynthetic) and heterotrophic |
Heterotrophic
(saprophytic/ parasitic) |
Autotrophic
(photosynthetic) |
Heterotrophic (holozoic/
saprophytic) |
Q. Describe the Structure of Virus.
STRUCTURE OF VIRUS
·
It is acellular
obligate parasites
·
Virus may have
either DNA or RNA, it lacks cellular organization
·
It has protein
coat called capsid that encloses the nucleic acid.
·
It reproduces
only inside the host cell.
·
It causes number
of diseases in plant like tobacco Mosaic Disease etc and animals like, cold,
flue, dengue, polio, hepatitis, AIDS etc.
Q. Write note
on Binomial Nomenclature.
BINOMIAL NOMECLATURE
Binomial nomenclature was the system created by Carlos Linnaeus to ease
the study of different species. He suggested tow names i.e. first one ‘genus’
and another ‘species’ which lack the confusion while studying.
|
Common and
scientific name of Plants |
||
|
S# |
Common names |
Scientific name |
|
1 |
Onion plant |
Allium cepa |
|
2 |
Mango plant |
Mangifera indica L. |
|
3 |
Neem plant |
Azadirachta indica |
|
Common and
scientific name of Plants |
||
|
4 |
Frog |
Rana tigrina |
|
5 |
Cat |
Felis catus |
|
6 |
House fly |
Musca domestica |
Q. Write down
the principles needed to write Binomial Nomenclature.
PRINCIPLES FOR BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE:
Some of the rules which are universally adopted for writing scientific
name of a species are:
·
Scientific name
of any organisms should be italicized when printed, such as Homo sapiens and
when handwritten these are underlined.
·
The first word
of the name is generic always started with capital letter, while second term is
species which is never capitalized.
·
When the
scientific name is written first time, it is written full but when it is
repeated several times, it is abbreviated. For example; the scientific name of
the red rose is Rosa indica,
it is abbreviated as R.indica.
·
Sometimes the
author name appears after species name which means the species was described by
him. For example; (mango plant) Mangifera indica L.
It means Mangifera indica was first described by Linnaeus.
Q. What do you know about
conservation of Biodiversity?
CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
In Pakistan, The diversity contains diversified habitats and landscapes
that support a rich biodiversity of both fauna and flora (animals and plants
respectively). Arid and semi-arid regions covering almost 80% of the total land
area of the country. During the last two-three decades, a number of animal and
plant species have become threatened or endangered mainly due to
overexploitation and loss of natural habitat. The continuing loss of forest
habitat, with its associated fauna and flora, will have serious implications
for the nation's other natural and agricultural ecosystems.
Q. What is conservation?
CONSERVATION
“Conservation simply is the way of caring, saving the species, inhabit
on earth from dangers”.
Q. What are the
reasons of over exploitation OR loss of natural habitat?
Following are the reasons of over exploitation and loss of natural
habitat:
·
Deforestation,
·
Overgrazing,
·
Soil erosion,
·
Salinity and
·
Water logging
Q. What are the reasons to conserve biodiversity?
Some of the key points to conserve biodiversity are highlighted below:
·
Human should
conserve biodiversity because of its benefit.
·
Biodiversity
boosts ecosystem productivity where each species can easily survive in their
habitat, if the one will not conserve biodiversity, so food chain and ecosystem
will be imbalanced.
·
With more
plants, trees and animals, the soil improved and became stronger - less prone
to erosion, drought and flooding.
Q. What are the
Problems associated to conserve biodiversity in Pakistan?
The article from 2009“Biodiversity in Pakistan Key issues”, identified
some of the primary challenges to implement Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) are:
·
Lack of
awareness of environmental issues on the part of decision makers and civil
society.
·
Weak governance
(slow decision-making processes, inability to conceptualize policy, and lack of
distinction between public and private interests).
·
Weak capacity of
government departments (lack of individual capacity and incentives for
performance).
·
Lack of funding.
Q. What is deforestation? What
are the causes of deforestation? Also write effects of deforestation.
The cutting down of trees for the conversion of forest into non forest
land is known as Deforestation”.
CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
Deforestation is done deliberately due to the Mining, paper making,
urbanization, timber, for making roads and Agriculture Expansion &
Livestock breeding.
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Deforestation result with the great loss in Biodiversity such as;
· Increase in the
concentration of green-house gases (carbon dioxide, methane, water vapors,
nitrous oxide etc.) which leads to Global warming, temperature will be high
that causes glaciers melting which is the reason or raising sea level and
causes flood.
· It is also the
reason of habitat loss of wild life.
· Soil erosion,
low rainfall due to no transpiration are also the result of Deforestation.
Q. What are
endangered and extinct species?
·
Long Billed
Vulture
·
Green Sea Turtle
·
Snow leopard
·
Marco polo sheep
·
European Otter
·
Baluchistan Forest
Dormouse
·
Indus river
dolphin
·
Asian black bear
·
Sindh Ibex
(Markhor)
